The God of the Other (Amos 9:7)
Photo by Miles Peackock on Unsplash
After the memory of Moses, the daring of David, and the opulence of Solomon, ancient Israel came to believe that it was God’s chosen people who had a monopoly on God’s love and God’s goodness. In the eighth century BCE the prophet Amos took as his work to help his contemporaries in Israel to see that Israel in its chosenness had no monopoly on God’s goodness. Its chosenness was no pass from obedience to God’s rule, and no guarantee of God’s love.
Thus in his Oracles Against the Nations Amos shows, one by one, that Israel’s neighbors and adversaries were subject to God’s rule and God judgment (Amos 1-2). Surprisingly, he also includes Judah (2:4-5) and Israel (2:6-11) among those called to harsh account by God. And then, in one of his most remarkable utterances, Amos says this:
Are you not like the Ethiopians to me,
O people of Israel? says the lord.
Did I not bring Israel from the land of Egypt,
and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir (Amos 9:7)?
Israel remembered its emancipation from slavery in Egypt under Pharaoh, and imagined that God’s Exodus deliverance of Israel was a singular act without parallel in the history of the world. After all, God had identified Israel as “my first born son” (Exodus 4:22). But Amos, to the contrary, insisted otherwise. He asks of Israel two rhetorical questions. The first question requires a “yes” from Israel. Yes, Israel is like the Ethiopians. That must have been a surprise and a shock to Israel, to hear itself compared to Ethiopia, a nation of “people of color.” Amos challenges the exclusionary self-understanding of Israel. In his second rhetorical question Amos probes the meaning of the Exodus deliverance with the verb, “bring up from,” that is, “set free from.” Yes, God did bring up Israel from Egypt; without a doubt! Everyone knows that. But then two other claims:
Yes, YHWH did bring up the Philistines from Caphtor.
Yes, YHWH did bring up the Arameans (Syrians) from Kir.
Amos names two foreign peoples that were at different times Israel’s most threatening enemies, the Philistines and later the Syrians. He dares to say that God enacts “Exoduses” for Israel’s enemies. He affirms that God’ emancipatory power extends to other peoples who are not commonly taken to be “chosen.” He debunks Israel’s claim to the exclusionary love and justice of God, and insists that in universal scope YHWH’s emancipatory reach extends everywhere, at many times, and in many places, bringing emancipation for those not yet liberated. Indeed, he suggests that the wide sweep of history under YHWH is a sequence of Exoduses, so that there is nothing exclusionary about Israel’s emancipatory memory or claim.
Thus we may consider an inventory of the chosen and the unchosen whom God emancipates:
a) Israel has no doubt it was “the chosen people” and now Amos says, to the contrary, even Israel’s enemies are subject to YHWH’s emancipatory intention.
b) Some white people, in our modern world, take themselves to be God’s chosen people. They consider white European culture as “the most advanced” with its colonial exploitation. And now Amos, to the contrary, dares to say that “people of color” (represented by the Ethiopians) are also subject to God’s emancipatory love. God’s love is not exclusively for white people, even though Europeans who came to America took their whiteness as a privileged status and had few qualms about imitating Pharaoh in enslaving people of color.
c) For much too long a time some have viewed males as God’s chosen people. They have been given power which has been used to shape history and accumulate wealth. They are the ones for whom the verbs, “exploit, conquer, occupy, possess” most readily apply. And then the prophetic tradition, extended and enacted through the testimony and ministry of Jesus, showed that God’s emancipatory love reached effectively toward females. Thus Mary Magdalene was among the earliest disciples of Jesus. And Paul can declare that in Christ there is neither “male nor female.” The gender revolution continues as women are increasingly welcomed into the public life of the world, and even, belatedly, into the ministry of the church.
d) Straight persons have often been viewed as the chosen of God who have been able to define social power and social acceptability. Anyone who “deviated” from the straight world has been excluded forever from social acceptance, has been deemed a danger and a threat to social wellbeing, and thus subject to harsh treatment. And now, belatedly, we are able to see that the reach of God’s emancipatory love extends beyond readily approved straight people to include LGBTQ persons who have been much too long held in the bondage of social censorship and social disapproval. The passion of God’s emancipatory embrace goes well beyond straight people!
We can see, historically, that these several emancipatory concerns have come to fruition very slowly and to some extent in sequence:
First, Gentiles beyond chosen Israel;
Then, people of color beyond whites;
Later, females beyond males, and
Very belatedly LGBTQ persons beyond straight hegemony.
But it has happened and continues to happen in all of these traditions! God’s truth is marching on! We are discerning that God’s love, justice, freedom, mercy, and faithfulness cannot be contained in our self-imagined categories of chosenness and privilege. Our several orthodoxies of nationalism, racism, sexism, and gender exclusion all have imagined a God who could be safely kept in our preferred boundaries. But the God of the covenant who is the God the Gospel will not be so contained. Indeed, it is evident that God’s peculiar attentiveness is especially drawn toward those who are regularly denied legitimacy in our social arrangements. We can knowingly speak of “God’s preferential option” not only for the poor but toward all those who are otherwise discounted.
It seems clear enough that all such efforts to box in the God of freedom are grounded in fear. We imagine that the other—the ones unlike us—are a threat, and so we fashion exclusionary practices and rules. It turns out, however, that such fear is not the last word. God intends us, all those who are chosen—whites, males, straight—to see that faith, hope and love are stronger than fear and will prevail.
And so the other need not be a threat, but can be welcomed as a neighbor
Because the reach of emancipation toward LGBTQ persons is the latest such move toward liberation, we may pay special attention to the way in which it sounds through the lines of Amos:
Are you not like the LBGTQ persons to me, O straights? Yes!
Did I not bring up straight people to be emancipated agents in the world? Yes!
And did I not bring up LGBTQ persons to first class citizenship in the world? Yes!
And did I not bring up LGBTQ persons to be free for a life of joy and freedom and wellbeing in the world? Yes!
Like the earlier questions posed by Amos, these world-shattering questions of Amos require a vigorous “yes” in response. It is a “yes” of gospel emancipation. It is a “yes” of limitless love. It is a “yes” of wellbeing that counters all of our fearful exclusions. Amos could not have been popular among the “chosen” for such utterance. That, however, is not much against his bold truth-telling. The good news summons us to a vigorous, unafraid “yes” toward all those whom the Pharaohs of the world continue to keep in bondage. As the apostle Paul concludes:
For freedom Christ has set us free. Stand firm, therefore, and do not submit again to a yoke of slavery.
Walter Brueggemann
March 19, 2023
Walter Brueggemann
Walter Brueggemann is one of the most influential Bible interpreters of our time. He is the author of over one hundred books and numerous scholarly articles. He continues to be a highly sought-after speaker.
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